Water Management
The Right Drainage Can Keep the House Dry and the Landscape Green
Bird's View
SITE DRAINAGE should be kept separate from gutter runoff or the drain pipes can become overloaded and flood.
Roof gutters, curtain drains, and slope are key
There are two things to think about in keeping a site dry: water coming off the roof; and rain soaking into everything else that's at site level or higher. Consequently there are two drainage systems — one for gutters, and one to keep the immediate area clear.
In small yards or those that are not configured for a rain garden or drywell, getting gutter runoff "to daylight" is an absolute minimum. This means that gutter drainpipes are terminated above-ground to let them empty above ground. Many local codes specify at least five feet away from the house without also specifying "and downhill."
Avoid runoff in the streets, recharge the ground water
As land gets developed, rainfall is increasingly diverted from ground storage and directed to storm drains. This further depletes ground water supplies, overtaxes city sewer systems, and dumps lawn fertilizers, pesticides, and pollution from streets into rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Worm's View
SILT CLOGS DRAINS. Every heavy rainstorm will carry silt into a curtain drain trench, clogging the spaces between pieces of crushed stone. Filter fabric around the stone will extend the curtain drain's useful life by holding back most of the silt.
Sometimes it's the water you don't see that does the damage
Keep the foundation dry. Build to keep water away from the house but retained on-site. Different types of drains incorporated in to the landscape and house can carry bulk water away from a house to keep it dry.
A curtain drain is like a gravel-filled moat that protects a house from ground water. These are a good solution for houses with hills behind them that constantly keep the basement damp.
Inside the moat is a perforated pipe. When water comes down the hill just below the surface, it runs into the gravel, fills up the pipe and is carried away to daylight, drywell, or rain garden.
Key Materials
PIPE TYPES. Rigid PVC drainpipe (top) is crush-resistant but a little harder to work with than flexible pipe (bottom). PVC comes in 10-foot lengths, is crush-resistant to 3,000 pounds, and costs about $0.65 per foot. Flexible plastic comes in long rolls, but big rocks can crush it during backfill. Cost: $0.40 per ft.
Choose materials well, you won't see them for a while
Gravel: 3/4-in. gravel percolates well and is easy to shovel. For a finished look, top with decorative gravel.
Drain pipe: Solid PVC is best; black flexible pipe is easiest and least expensive.
Filter fabric: Avoid generic landscape-type weed-blocking fabrics; they won't last. Instead, choose high-quality landscape filter fabric such as Typar.
Design Notes
Surface drains are part of the landscape, so why not treat them that way?
A curtain drain or other stormwater diversion doesn't have to be an eyesore. Make them focal points, or even integrate them into other garden features.
Paving and drainage choices need equal consideration. It’s an integrated issue because the paving material has to work with the building and landscape design, and may need to be coordinated with the interior design as well. Paving has green building implications in two areas: First, production effects (whether it an environmentally preferable material, e.g., recycled content, salvaged, etc.); and second, performance effects such as heat island (the reflectivity/emissivityAmount of heat radiation emitted from a particular body or material. Emissivity is expressed in a fraction or ratio, with the lowest values indicating low emissivity and the highest indicating the high emissivity of flat black surfaces. of the material) and stormwater absorption/retention (the permeability of the material).
Images from: Fine Gardening.
Builder Tips
Pitch drain lines, and don't forget the cleanouts
In general, pitch the pipe away from the area that you want to dry out. Adding cleanouts to the pipe can save big headaches later on. Using sanitary Ts in the corners and Y fittings in the long run will make it easier to clear clogs with a power snake, saving on digging and replacing pipe. Flexible black pipe may not stand up to the power snake.
The end of the drainage pipe should be covered with hardware cloth or something similar to keep rodents out. Stone, brick, or concrete block placed under the outfall will prevent water from eroding soil.
Quick tip: Photograph or mark the locations of the cleanouts. It may be a handy thing to know when it counts.
Code
Build so water flows away from the house
The IRCInternational Residential Code. The one- and two-family dwelling model building code copyrighted by the International Code Council. The IRC is meant to be a stand-alone code compatible with the three national building codes—the Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) National code, the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) code and the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) code. requires that the foundation be high enough above-grade to allow positive drainage on all sides of the house [401.3]. The basic rule requires a slope of 6 inches for the first 10 feet of grade surrounding the house, with the surface drainage directed to a storm sewer or equivalent. The 2006 IRC allows exceptions if the building is too close to the property line or a physical barrier prevents a 10-foot slope. In these instances the grade can be 5% with the water directed to a swale [401.3X].
ABOUT SITE DRAINAGE
We go to a lot of trouble helping our houses shed precipitation. Managing water that's on the ground is no less important. Ground water flows on or below the surface; it rises and lowers depending on rainfall and can be controlled with subsurface drains. Surface runoff comes off the roof and other impermeable surfaces. A system of gutters, leaders, and drains can collect and direct this water away from the basement, protect vegetation, and prevent ponding in low-lying areas on the site.
Gutters are usually — but not always — a key part of this system. You can make in-ground gutters with a trench that runs along the perimeter of a foundation — a curtain drain of sorts — to direct water to a rainwater collection tank, a drywell, a rain garden, or other suitable spot.
MORE ABOUT SITE DRAINAGE
Hundreds of gallons of water can be collected for every inch of rain, even from a relatively small roof. When a storm drops heavy rainfall in a short time, the ground can become saturated, causing surface water to run off. This is when channeling gutter discharge well away from the house is most important. Short lengths of drainpipe — or worse, splash blocks below gutter downspouts — can still allow water to pool against foundation walls and leak into the basement.
This surface and near-surface runoff can also pool in low-lying areas on a building site or flood a sub-surface septic field. A few ways to intercept it:
Curtain drains, strategically placed trenches filled with permeable materials and perforated drainage pipes, can intercept ground water and direct it to an area where it won’t do any harm (see below).
Below-grade flashing. An option for collecting all of the water from the roof without using gutters is similar in construction to a curtain drain. Variously called in-ground gutters, foundation flashing, and underground roofs, it's basically a peel-and-stick membrane or sheet of plastic that runs down the foundation wall and then turns out and slopes away. This directs any surface water away from the foundation.
Rain gutters. No matter whether they're made with metal, plastic, or wood, rain gutters are invaluable in directing rainwater away from the house. The two most common gutter profiles are half-round and the so-called K-style, produced mile after seamless mile by contractors with portable forming machines. Half-round gutters move water better than the flat-bottomed K-style.
ABOUT CURTAIN DRAINS
They capture and redirect ground water
When a layer of impermeable soil such as clay prevents water from percolating deeply into the ground, the water travels laterally instead, just below the surface. Eventually it can pool in low-lying areas or overwhelm the septic field.
Curtain drains (also called French drains) are built in open areas to capture and redirect that sub-surface water. They are often used to protect septic drain fields or dry out soggy lawns, but they are a great way to keep a basement dry in a house that has hills behind it.
Curtain drains consist of an excavated trench filled with crushed stone, perforated drainpipe, and filter fabric to prevent silt from clogging the pipe. The stone can be left uncovered or planted over. The excavated trench and the perforated pipe are both pitched slightly and run to daylight.
Curtain drains are not typically very deep, and in fact trenches deeper than four feet can pose safety risks for anyone working in them.
Give it enough slope
Landscapers might recommend a minimum slope of 2%, which is the equivalent of falling two feet in height over 100 feet in horizontal distance. This pitch will keep water moving briskly and help flush out any debris that gets into the line. Builders working on flatter lots, however, have reported success with pitches that are just enough to encourage water to move.
Drainpipe options include concrete, tile, rigid plastic, and rolls of corrugated plastic. Of them, corrugated plastic is the easiest to work with because there are no joints to glue together and it’s readily available in rolls of up to 250 feet long. High-density polyethylene is an extremely durable plastic, and some companies offer drain line made from recycled plastics — a plus. Pipe that is 4 inches in diameter should be big enough to handle gutter runoff. Curtain drains that handle runoff from a large area may need 6-inch pipe.
Finally, before you begin to plan your drainage system, think about the water you want to keep. Moving water off of and away from the building is only part of the solution. It may make sense to save some of it for irrigation or to simply recharge the aquifer.
Consider a soils report
Rather than fixing drainage or settlement problems after the house is built, a better method is to get a soils report from a qualified geotechnical engineer. An engineer's report based on test borings or pits can detect problems like sub-surface water, uncompacted fill, and poorly draining soils before excavation. On flat, well-drained building sites, a pair of test pits five to eight feet below the proposed footing depth at opposite foundation corners may be enough, but intermediate pits may be required on hilly or wet sites.
Deeper borings (25 feet or more) may be necessary on unusually steep sites or when pier foundations are planned. Deeper pits can detect the presence of bedrock and sub-surface water moving horizontally.
Control erosion during construction
It's important to control surface water during site clearing and foundation excavation to prevent soil erosion, which can clog streams and damage aquatic ecosystems. Implement an erosion-control plan before construction begins. Most plans will incorporate vegetated buffer zones and erosion-control measures like hay bales, silt fencing, or wattles. The Environmental Protection Agency also suggests staging construction during the driest part of the year when possible, and clearing only the areas required for construction.
Snow fencing, solid fencing, and hay bales are all effective at reducing wind erosion. Periodically wetting the soil is also helpful. Use reclaimed topsoil to get grass and plants growing again at the earliest opportunity to minimize both water and wind erosion. You can prevent heavy equipment and vehicles from damaging newly planted areas by cordoning them off with temporary fencing.
Erosion mats made from natural fiber are a good option for stabilizing slopes or stream beds after planting. The material eventually breaks down, but not before roots have taken hold to prevent erosion.
FURTHER RESOURCES
Image Credits:
- Martha Garstang-Hill/Fine Homebuilding #189
- Martha Garstang Hill/Fine Homebuilding #189
- Krysta Doerfler/Fine Homebuilding #189
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